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How the Web Works

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Many people think the Internet and the web are the same thing. In fact, the Internet is simply a global network of computers - the web runs on top of the Internet, and makes it useful for us.

So how does the web work?

The Invention of the Web.

The web was invented by a man named Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 - that's 20 years after the start of the Internet. People had been trying to work out effective ways of sending information around on the Internet for a while at that point (email was invented in 1971, for example), but there hadn't been any systems that had really harnessed the net's potential.

The web changed everything.

Berners-Lee's big idea was to apply the idea of links to the Internet: the web would be a mass of pages that you could move between by clicking on links. He came up with a format for these pages (HTML), and wrote the first web browser to view them with, as well as the first web server for sending them to other people's web browsers.

Links might not seem like much now, but at the time they were revolutionary. Imagine what the web would be like if you had to keep typing long addresses every time you wanted to move from one page to the next, or using long numbered menu systems that work differently from one site to the next.

Without the web, having Internet access would be pretty useless.

Servers and Browsers.

Any time you use a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox), you're using the web. How?

Well, it works like this:

1. You open your web browser, and it goes to your home page. From there, you can click links to other websites, or to other parts of the same website. If your home page is a search engine, then you can type in a search and click links in the search results. If you know the address of a site you want to go to, you can type it in, and then click more links from there to keep going.

2. Each time you click a link, your browser looks at two things about it: the name of the web server it links to, and the name of the page it links to on that server.

For example, the address 'http://www.example.com/mypage.html' tells the web browser to get the page called mypage.html from the server at www.example.com, using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). This server is a real computer, connected to the Internet, that has the page you want to read stored on its hard disk.

3. To find out where this server is, your web browser looks it up using DNS (Domain Name System), which turns the text address into a number. This IP (Internet Protocol) address consists of four numbers between 0 and 255 - it looks like a phone number.

The Internet is set up to make it easy to find a server anywhere in the world once you know its IP address, and it can easily find the quickest route from your ISP (Internet Service Provider) to the server, and establish communication. This whole process, from DNS lookup to connection, will often take much less than a second.

4. Your web browser then sends an HTTP request to that web server, and the web server responds by sending back the HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) code for that page. Your web browser turns this code into a page that you can view.

From there, you can click more links to start the process over again.

Of course, all this is quite simplified: modern browsers and servers send around much more than HTML code. You can use the web to download anything now, from pictures to programs, but it all works in basically the same way.

If something goes wrong somewhere in this process, then you'll get an error: 'the page cannot be displayed', for example, usually means that the server's name was wrong, or that it doesn't have the page you wanted.

You might also see errors saying that the server is currently too busy with other people's requests to respond, or that the page you wanted has moved. In each case, the best thing to do is to follow the instructions on the error page, which usually means checking the address and trying again.

WEB DESIGN INDEX LISTING

SITE MAP

  1. 6 Reasons Why You Need a Website
  2. How the Web Works
  3. Registering a Domain Name
  4. The Confusing World of Web Hosting - Making Your Decision
  5. How to Set Up Your Hosting in 5 Minutes Flat
  6. Websites and Web logs - What's the Difference?
  7. What Do You Want Your Website to Do?
  8. Hiring Professionals - 5 Things to Look For
  9. Working With Templates
  10. Building a Budget Website
  11. There's More than One Web Browser
  12. Image Formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG and More
  13. The Many Flavours of HTML
  14. Clean Page Structure - Headings and Lists
  15. The Importance of Validation
  16. Avoiding the Nuts and Bolts - Content Management Software
  17. FrontPage - Easy Pages
  18. Dreamweaver - The Professional Touch
  19. What You See Isn't Always What You Get
  20. Why Doing It Yourself is Best
  21. Understanding Web Jargon
  22. Don't Be Scared, It's Only Code - HTML for Beginners
  23. 5 Steps to Understanding HTML
  24. Taking HTML Further
  25. Finding a Good HTML Editor
  26. CSS and the End of Tables
  27. Column Designs with CSS
  28. The Basics of Web Servers
  29. LAMP - The Most Popular Server System Ever
  30. IIS and ASP - Microsoft's Server
  31. Setting up a Test Server on Your Own Computer
  32. How Databases Work
  33. Which Database is Right for You?
  34. Uploading Your Website with FTP
  35. PHP - Easy Dynamic Websites
  36. Perl - Cryptic Power
  37. ColdFusion - Quicker Scripting, at a Price
  38. JSP - Java on Your Server
  39. Python and Ruby - the Newer Alternatives
  40. Taking HTML Further with Javascript
  41. VBScript - Javascript Made Easy
  42. AJAX - Should You Believe the Hype?
  43. The Web Designer's Toolbox
  44. An Introduction to Paint Shop Pro
  45. Photoshop - a Graphic Designer's Dream
  46. Free Graphics Alternatives
  47. How to Install and Configure a Forum
  48. Building Online Communities
  49. Using Quizzes and Games to Get Traffic
  50. Offering Free Downloads on Your Website
  51. Putting Multimedia to Good Use
  52. Opening a Web Shop with E-Commerce Software
  53. 5 Simple Steps to Accepting Payments
  54. Encryption & Security with SSL
  55. The Basics of Web Forms
  56. 7 Ways to Make Your Web Forms Better
  57. The Web is Not Paper
  58. Writing for the Web
  59. A Question of Scroll Bars
  60. Titles and Headlines - It's Not a Newspaper
  61. All About Design - Principles and Elements
  62. Designing for Search Engines
  63. Printing and Sending - the Two Things Users Want to Do
  64. The Art of the Logo
  65. Picking a Colour Scheme
  66. Fonts are More Important Than You Think
  67. Beware the Stock Photographer - Picking Your Pictures
  68. The Smaller, the Better - Avoiding Graphical Overload
  69. An Issue of Width - the Resolution Problem
  70. Why Word is Bad for the Web
  71. The 5 Principles of Effective Navigation
  72. Focus on the User - Task-Oriented Websites
  73. Making Searches Simple
  74. Time for User Testing
  75. Hints All the Way
  76. The Case Against Flash
  77. Using Flash Sensibly
  78. The Evils of PDF's
  79. Why Java Will Drive Your Visitors Away
  80. 5 Ways to Avoid the 1998 Look
  81. Content is King
  82. Why You Should Put Your Content in a Weblog Format
  83. Cut to the Chase - How to Make Your Website Load Faster
  84. How to Run Ads Without Driving Visitors Crazy
  85. Ads Under the Radar - Linking to Affiliates
  86. Text Ads - Unobtrusive Advertising
  87. The Top 10 Biggest Web Design Mistakes
  88. Why You Should Stick to Design Conventions
  89. 10 Easy Ways to Promote Your Website
  90. Making Friends and Influencing People - the Importance of Links
  91. How to Get Your Website Talked About on Blogs
  92. Tracking Your Visitors
  93. RSS - Really Simple Syndication
  94. Taking Your Website Mobile
  95. Registering Your Users by Stealth
  96. How to Make Visitors Add You to Their Favourites
  97. Setting Up a Mailing List
  98. Designing for Sales
  99. It's a World Wide Web - Going International
  100. Some Places to Go For More Information

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